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John Gross Barnard (May 19, 1815 – May 14, 1882) was a career engineering officer in the U.S. Army, serving in the Mexican-American War, as the Superintendent of the United States Military Academy and as a general in the Union Army during the American Civil War.〔Warner, Ezra J., ''Generals in Blue'', pp. 19–20. Louisiana State University Press, Baton Rouge, 1964. ISBN 0-8071-0822-7.〕 He served as Chief Engineer of the Army of the Potomac, 1861 to 1862, Chief Engineer of the Department of Washington from 1861 to 1864, and as Chief Engineer of the armies in the field from 1864 to 1865.〔Eicher, John H. and Eicher, David J., ''Civil War High Commands,'' p. 116. Stanford University Press, Stanford, CA, 2001. ISBN 0-8047-3641-3; Warner, 1964, pp. 19–20〕 He also was a distinguished scientist, engineer, mathematician, historian and author.〔Cullum, George W., George W. Cullum's Register of Officers and Graduates of the United States Military Academy, Vol. I, 1891, p. 533, as retrieved October 12, 2010 from the web site http://penelope.uchicago.edu/Thayer/E/Gazetteer/Places/America/United_States/Army/USMA/Cullums_Register/708 *.html〕 ==Early life and career== John G. Barnard was born into a large and gifted family in Sheffield, Massachusetts.〔Warner, 1964, p. 19 for birth date and place.〕 His brother, Frederick Augustus Porter Barnard was a longtime educator and president of Columbia University and namesake of Barnard College in New York City.〔''New York Times'' obituary, April 26, 1889〕 Both John and Frederick, as well as most members of their family, suffered from a hereditary form of deafness which intensified in later years.〔Warner, 1964, p. 19 refers to his "inherited deafness."〕 In early life, when stationed in New Orleans, Barnard married Jane Elizabeth Brand, of Maryland, with whom he had four children. In 1860, he married Anna E. Hall of Harford County, Maryland, with whom he had three children.〔Abbot, Henry L., ''Biographical Memoir of John Gross Barnard, 1815–1882'', p. 9 (227), Read before the National Academy of Sciences, April 17, 1902. http://books.nap.edu/html/biomems/jbarnard.pdf, retrieved October 12, 2010. This paper was included in a book of biographical sketches published by the National Academy of Sciences as the page number in parenthesis indicates. The exact title of the book is not given in the web download which only contains the Abbot paper of 11 pages.〕 In 1833, at the age of 18, Barnard graduated from the United States Military Academy at West Point, New York, second in a class of forty-three cadets.〔Eicher and Eicher, 2001, p. 116, Cullum, 1891, pp. 530, 533〕 As one of the top graduates of his class, he was posted as a Second Lieutenant in the United States Army Corps of Engineers, embarking on a 48-year career in that branch.〔Sifakis, Stewart, ''Who Was Who in the Civil War'' p. 33. Facts On File, New York, 1988. ISBN 0-8160-1055-2.〕 Barnard's first assignment after being commissioned was as an assistant to Colonel Joseph G. Totten in constructing Fort Adams in Newport, Rhode Island from 1833 to 1834. Totten was the foremost American military engineer of his day and served as Chief Engineer of the Army for much of Barnard's career. There two formed a close friendship as evidenced by Barnard's extensive eulogy of Totten which was published in 1866. Throughout his career, Barnard served on many garrison and fortification details, most notably participating in the construction of coastal defenses at Fort Columbus/Fort Jay, Fort Hamilton and Fort Wadsworth in New York City, New Orleans, Pensacola, Mobile, Fort Livingston, Louisiana, Fort Jackson, Louisiana, Fort St. Philip, Louisiana and on the Pacific Coast at San Francisco.〔Cullum, 1891, p. 530; Warner, 1964, pp. 19–20 refers to fortifications on the Atlantic Coast, Pacific Coast, Delaware breakwater and New York City.〕 During the Mexican-American War, he headed the construction of American defenses at the captured Mexican port of Tampico,〔Warner, 1964, p. 20〕 ensuring that city's safety as a vital supply line for American forces advancing on Mexico City. He also worked on the survey of Mexican-American War battlefields.〔 and as Chief Engineer for the Exploration and Survey of the projected Tehuantepec Railroad in Mexico, in 1850–1851.〔Cullum, 1891, p. 530〕 From May 31, 1855 through September 8, 1856, Barnard served as the Superintendent of the United States Military Academy,〔Eicher and Eicher, 2001, p. 116〕 succeeding Robert E. Lee.〔Warner, Ezra J., ''Generals in Gray'', p. 181. Louisiana State University Press, Baton Rouge, 1959. ISBN 0-8071-0823-5.〕 He then returned to work on coastal defenses, especially in the New York and New Jersey area.〔 During a leave of absence, he studied construction projects in Europe.〔 抄文引用元・出典: フリー百科事典『 ウィキペディア（Wikipedia）』 ■ウィキペディアで「John G. Barnard」の詳細全文を読む スポンサード リンク
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